Crown Prosecution Service Advice Essays

Crown Prosecution Service Advice Essays Crown Prosecution Service Advice Essay Crown Prosecution Service Advice Essay Crown Prosecution Service Advice Rhenium: Tom, Dick and Enid Introduction The undermentioned sentiments are premised upon the fact that from a procedural position, a figure of applications will probably be made by the prosecution to progress its chances at test. The first of these applications would affect the consideration as to whether it is preferred to continue against each of these suspects individually, or in a combination other than a three individual joint endeavor styled proceeding where all are charged as parties to the slaying of Charlotte. The main footing for separate proceedings is to avoid issues of admissibility of points of grounds that are potentially relevant to one suspect but potentially damaging to another. The suspects may besides raise the chance of a rupture. ( Smith, 1999, 859 ) topic to the flowering of the proceedings at the pre-trial phase, it may go desirable to break up the suspects where one may be in a place to attest against another. The sentiments as to the mode in which the grounds obtained in this affair may use refering each prospective suspect is hence considered in the absence of the impact of any procedural issues sing the indictment and the nature of the proceedings. Particularly, the tactical advantages of any rupture of each suspect or any peculiar count, is non considered below except where specifically noted. It is assume as a affair of fact-finding pattern that the constabulary would instantly hold sought a statement from Diane, so as to avoid the rumor jobs noted below. A concluding preliminary observation – this analysis is structured so as to thoroughly use the general regulations of condemnable grounds, as opposed to mentioning fact specific an potentially mis taking instance jurisprudence. The instances cited are provided in promotion of this purpose. General Observations that apply to all suspects The grounds of Fay, age 10, is potentially relevant to all suspects with regard to Charlotte’s slaying. For this ground the place of Faye as a competent informant is considered independent of the analyses of the place of the suspects as set out below. Fay, like any informant is competent to give grounds topic to the procedural regulations specified at s. 53 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act ( YJCEA ) . The competence of Fay will be foremost assessed by the test justice pursuant to the commissariats of s. 53 ( 3 ) , with the main consideration being that Fay be in a place to understand the nature of the proceedings and the nature of the inquiries asked. Base upon the limited grounds available at this minute, it does look probably that Fay will be able to pass on the awaited grounds in a manner that falls within the bounds of s.53. As an aside, given the nature of the charges, it is highly likely that consideration must be given to an application to seek the test court’s permission to use one of the enumerated special measures’ for this vernal informant as available through the application of the Criminal Procedure Rules ( 2005, R. 29.1 ) The 2nd facet to the appraisal of the grounds likely to be tendered through Fay is the fact that such grounds will be unworn grounds by virtuousness of the application of s. 55 ( 2 ) ( a ) of the YJCEA, given that Fay is less than 14 old ages old. The admissibility of Fay’s grounds will hence be determined by application of s.56 of the YJCEA, the commissariats sing the admissibility of unworn testimony. The weight to be given Fay’s grounds ( presuming that, as noted above, Fay is competent to attest in this manner ) will be a affair for the test justice to direct the jury in their direction ( Simmonds, 1996, 3 ) ; the weight to be given Fay’s grounds is needfully tied to the rumor concerns and the built-in dependability issues originating at that place, every bit good as the other fortunes noted below that a trier of fact can decently use to measure the weight to be given Fay’s grounds. These points are noted below. The primary analysis is directed to the facts as they pertain to Tom ; where appropriate, the possible liability of the other possible suspects Enid and Dick is considered at that point. Separate consideration of any issue particular to these suspects is besides delineated below. The Case against Tom Tom’s place may be assessed from a figure of positions. His instance may be developed on a figure of bases, peculiarly: ( 1 ) The appraisal of the obvious similar fact grounds and whether Tom could be convicted on such evince entirely ( 2 ) Assuming the admissibility of the similar act grounds, could Tom be convicted on the combined grounds of similar fact and the grounds of Fay sing his visit to her place with Enid and her observations sing the payment of ? 5,000 hard currency ( 3 ) Could Tom be convicted on the grounds of Fay, in concurrence with the grounds adduced in points ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) ; ( 4 ) The relationship between the prospective grounds of Fay and the grounds to be adduced at ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) 1. The similar fact grounds Given the general regulations sing the admissibility of such grounds, founded as it is upon the general regulation of probatory value versus the damaging consequence created by its admittance into grounds, it is of import to exactly place the facts available to the prosecution that may decently represent similar fact grounds. As is good known by virtuousness of the taking governments, peculiarly determinations such asPhosphorus( 1998, Crim LR 663 ) andHydrogen( 1995, 2 Cr App R 437 ) , the prosecution is non obligated to set up a dramatic similarity, mirror image type fact or any other suggestion that the facts, one to another, are indistinguishable. A high grade of similarity is clearly a trademark or dependability with regard to how a jury might be instructed as to the usage to which such grounds might be put in Tom’s test. Further, there is a clear chance to bolster the impact of this grounds through the other grounds considered at ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) below. With these rules in head, the followers is the form of similar act grounds to be considered: His clear form of imbibing, chancing and lifestyle that is a common yarn to all of the happenings taking to Charlotte’s slaying. His relationship with Dick that likewise is a common component to the full factual circumstance The slaying of two partners prior to Charlotte All three partners died by manner of a distinguishable slaying mechanism, a possible distinction and a factor that Tom might reason to extinguish the consideration of the earlier happenings as true similar facts ( knifing, hiting and Charlotte’s submerging ) . The prosecution will reason, and it is submitted, set up successfully, that the meeting of the factors of partner, domestic scene, Tom’s absence signifier the place at clip of decease, the comparative short continuance of the matrimony, and the farther facts in ( V ) rhenium motivation will probably over sit such statements. Motive – Tom made a important fiscal addition as a consequence of the decease of each of his partners. Coupled with the lifestyle / chancing grounds available, this grounds is a portion of a compelling form of behavior Fortunes of his establishing of an alibi on three occasions, as established through the constabulary officers ; the possibility of Tom innocently happening himself in fortunes where an impregnable informant, a constabulary officer, is the party doing the topic telephone call on three occasions is one that defies common sense and forms a portion of the flowering of the narrative leading to Charlotte’s decease. Tom may be convicted as a party to Charlotte’s slaying on this grounds entirely if admitted in its entireness, taking as it does to the allowable illation that he must hold been an histrionat some degreein this slaying. ( Stewart and Schofield, 1995 ; Chan Wing-Siu, 1985 ; Roberts, 1993 rhenium: general rules ) 2. Dick’s payment to Enid This grounds assumes that Diane will supply this information through testimony and that it would non be tendered by manner of the triple hearsay’ implicit in the testimony of Fay ( in add-on to Fay’s unsworn informant position noted above ) . The payment of this big sum of money is admissible on its ain, but does non get peculiar cogency unless grounds of Enid’s position is admitted through the rumor noted from Fay, or unless Diane testifies. Diane’s grounds refering Dick is non capable to any exclusion under the grounds jurisprudence ; it is admissible against both Tom and Dick. 3. Diane’s grounds sing Enid Diane’s grounds refering Enid’s admittance as a contract liquidator is hearsay in footings of its possible admissibility against Tom ( and Dick ) ; it is capable to the bridal considerations of compellability ( Civil Partnerships, 2004, s.84 ( 1 ) and ( 5 ) ) The rumor facets of the vocalization from Enid to Diane must be considered in visible radiation of the commissariats of the Criminal Justice Act ( CJA, 2003, s.118 ( 1 ) ) 4. Multiple rumor The facts present two different facets to this issue – the grounds of Fay and the grounds of George. It is submitted that George’s grounds is merely a farther patterned advance from that of Fay ; if Fay is found to be an undependable informant, it is non imaginable that George’s grounds founded as it is upon Fay as a nexus in the evidentiary concatenation George would supply could be admissible and Fay’s non. The consideration must be hence directed to Fay. In add-on to the unsworn nature of the grounds, Fay is capable to consideration under the multiple hearsay proviso of the CJA ( s.121 ) . Taken merely as unsworn grounds from a kid, it is submitted that Fay’s testimony would be admissible capable to the weight to be ascribed to it. However, the extra factor of multiple rumor is a serious trouble for the prosecution 2. Extra considerations – Dick The extent of Dick’s possible liability is hard to determine on the facts as presented. The saloon castanetss of his chancing relationship with Tom are present to make the causal connexion between them. However, without the grounds of Diane admitted as to the nature of Enid’s position this grounds does non make liability. However, Dianeobservedthe exchange of money between Dick and Enid, an observation that is admissible against Dick Diane nevertheless can attest as against Tom or Dick as to her conversation with Enid sing her slaying activity. Dick is apt as a party to the slaying of Charlotte if these facts are elicited as expected – the relationship with Tom, the transportation of money to a admitted slayer, and the decease of Charlotte under fortunes consistent with the admittance by Enid to Diane support this contention. 3. Extra considerations – Enid The confession’ provided to Diane by Enid is capable to the exclusionary regulations noted above ( Civil Partnerships, s. 84. Absent this grounds, the facts admissible against Enid are reduced to the followers: an observation that Dick was in her company and paid her money Two other slayings took topographic point at an earlier tie connected to Tom. This grounds does non fulfill the grade of cogent evidence necessary to implicate Enid by manner of similar fact in the present happenings The admittance to Diane sing her homicidal activity can non be introduced indirectly via Fay’s hearsay if the substantial confession is inadmissible by jurisprudence. It is suggested from a tactical position that this possible informant be provided with unsusceptibility from prosecution and that she be called to attest against Dick and Tom. Bibliography Smith, John C. Commentary on Severance’Criminal Law Review,1999, pp. 859-865 Table of Legislative acts Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act, 1999 Police and Criminal Evidence Act, 1984 Criminal Justice Act, 2003 Civil Procedure Rules, 2005 Civil Partnerships Act, 2004 Table of Cases Chan Wing-Siu, R V [ 1985 ] AC 168. H, R V ( 1997 ) 2 Cr App R 437 HL P, R V [ 1998 ] Crim LR 663 CA Panayiotou, R V [ 1998 ] EWCA Crim 1989 ( 19th June, 1998 ) Roberts, R V [ 1993 ] 1 All ER 583 Simmonds, R V [ 1996 ] EWCA Crim 72 ( 3rd April, 1996 ) Stewart and Schofield, R V [ 1995 ] 3 All ER 159 Venn, R. V [ 2003 ] EWCA Crim 236 ( 14 February 2003 )

Creative Business Planning for Writers

Creative Business Planning for Writers Samantha graduated from her writing program several years ago. With high marks and big dreams, she found herself working a department store instead. On some nights she compensated Writers like Samantha usually diagnose the problem as a lack of creativity. Little do they know that dreams arent always fueled Creative writers often overlook the value of a business plan. They believe its all about money and dont want to get involved with the facts and figures of it. They shy away from financial planning because its considered too left-brained for the artist. But even the simplest career layout will do. Not all big dreams have to start with dramatic origins. Basic preparation can make a big difference. With a little time and effort, small, but specific plans can transform writing ambiguity into a clearer sense of success. Good planning will mitigate self-doubt which, in turn, could minimize distractions. Setback wont turn into months of procrastination. A handy overview, such as a business plan, keeps a writer on track and financially stable in the long run. Here are four specific examples to show how the elements of a simple business plan could help Samantha – and writers like her – move towards success: (1)    A business plan enhances self-image. Every business plan contains an executive summary which defines the endeavor. Writers could use this statement to define a sharper self-image which will bolster self-confidence and enthusiasm. (2)    A business plan encourages social connections. A good plan helps determine how you will market to  potential mentors and publications alike. It defines your social circle too. A writer isnt born overnight and certainly not alone. Support is essential for success. A business plan challenges the writer to define which influences and niche excites her the most as well as where to focus her work. (3)    A business plan doubles as a funding manual. A writing aspiration needs real money to back it up. It is a sign of commitment and self-trust. A writer willing to budget for dreams will show that shes willing to walk the walk and talk the talk. Whether it be for contests, paper clips or new software, writers stand a better chance when they have money to spend. It not only makes sense for the pocketbook, it keeps the writers ego alive and healthy too. (4)    A business plan marks important dates and deadlines. A writer is nothing without her deadlines. Procrastination runs rampant in the community and following up on ones goals is crucial to success. A business plan gives a birds-eye view of what needs to be done and at what time. A writer in control is a strong writer; she will be focused during tough times and wiser during good ones. Creative writers, like Samantha, arent always the first to admit theyre in business. But the art needs to be supported Samantha doesnt have to waste time any more. She can set down a simple business plan which will transform her attitude and goals towards a real path towards success. Without doubt, opportunities await her prepared mind.

Exploring Parent's Attitudes Towards Learning Through Play in the Essay

Exploring Parent's Attitudes Towards Learning Through Play in the Foundation Stage - Essay Example To consider how learning through play is measured at foundation stage. Rationale of the Study Play comes very naturally to children. From the time they are infants, play is already an activity that they engage in to learn about their world. As they grow, they discover more about the world around them through play. They use their senses to explore objects and learn about cause and effects when they manipulate such objects (Brewer, 2001). Macintyre (2003) asserts that young children learn better in play-like settings. Concepts are retained better when learned in an easy, relaxed and fun atmosphere that does not pressure children to perform in ways that stress them to achieve. Macintyre (2003) continues to endorse the value of play in all the developmental areas of children. Parents recognize the value of play but sometimes get confused about its function in children’s learning (Moyles, 1989). Developments in education point to the benefits of collaboration between the home envir onment and the school in the facilitation of children’s growth, learning and development. Wood (2004) argues that the Government endorses literacy and numeracy strategies that make use of play especially in the early years. The fact that parents are expected to take part in their children’s learning may press parents to seriously consider the advantages and disadvantages of play. Wiltshire (2002) claims that parents question what the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) has to offer to their children as it is heavily play based. If the parents’ view is that play is merely for entertainment and social purposes, then it is doubtful that parents will become fully involved as partners in their children’s education. Piaget argued that ‘play’ is often neglected by adults because it has no significant function  (Piaget and Inhelder, 1969).   Brierley (1987) also points out that as adults, if a task is easy or unimportant, people refer to it as â €˜child’s play’ which reinforces the idea that play is not challenging. Parents are seen as partners in their children’s education, so it is worthwhile to study how they view this role as parents of very young children who constantly engage in play as a form of enjoyment. Becoming aware that play may be used in the educational setting for learning as well as enjoyment may confuse parents as to the role play is given in the foundation stage. This study will investigate if parents believe that learning may be derived from play and if they actively endorse this belief at home. Literature Review Play and Children’s development The subject of play has attracted many scholars to study its process and how it benefits people. Holland (2003) studied heuristic play or the exploratory play of infants and toddlers and confirmed that play is used by children to investigate how things work, how people react, etc. Toys and other objects are explored freely by toddler s and they then observe what such things can or cannot do. In contrast to educational materials, which are designed by adults to expect certain responses from children, objects that encourage free play in the heuristic sense stimulate the child’s thinking, develop creativity and open the imagination to endless possibilities of transforming ordinary objects into various things with various functions (Holland, 2003). Much research has been done on play and its benefits to children’

St. Francis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

St. Francis - Essay Example It would be my attempt in this paper to understand the reason the stigmata is described by Bonaventure as a mark of a special holiness on St. Francis, and if it was indeed special, the reason why the saint tried his best to keep it a secret during his lifetime. Bonaventure was attempting to establish St. Francis as a man " venerable and worthy of imitation",( P 182) and hailing the stigmata as the ultimate justification for worshipping the saint. As he says in the Prologue itself:"... But even more is this confirmed/ with the irrefutable testimony of truth/by the seal of likeness of the living God,/namely of Christ crucified,/which was imprinted upon his body/not by natural forces or by human skill/but by the wondrous power/of the Spirit of the living God."( P 182).But perhaps his motives as a theologian for setting up St. Francis as an exemplary saint were not unmixed with the politics of the Franciscan Order, and the immediate needs for the survival of the Order itself. Issues of this nature can only be resolved by studying Bonaventure's general outline of St. Francis's life and his character traits and aspirations. We would need to investigate what made St. Francis who he was, what he considered the purpose of his life and the reasons why St. Francis was considered holy even before he received the stigmata. We would also do well to perhaps look into who Bonaventure was, the historical context in which he wrote the text, why he undertook its writing, the state of the Franciscan Order during that period. Moroever, since the text is a biography we need to qualify the distance from St Francis's actual lifetime it was written. It would also be important to know what other accounts, if any, of St.Francis's life were available at the time, because no text can be completely understood without a discussion on the background from which it emerged. And to grasp the special significance of the stigmata and the saint's efforts at concealment of this phenomenon it is important to understand the text in its entirety. Even in the very beginning when Bonaventure describes St. Francis in the first chapter "On Saint Francis's Manner of Life while in Secular Attire" Bonaventure remarks upon the good nature of the saint-to-be, emphasizing his suitability for receiving the sacred stigmata: "His gentleness, his refined manners, his patience, his superhuman affability, his generosity beyond his means, marked him as a young man of flourishing natural disposition. This seemed to be a prelude to the even greater abundance of God's blessings that would be showered on him in the future".( P 186). But it is in receiving the vision of Jesus Christ on the cross as described by Bonaventure in poetic detail that marks the lifelong passion of St. Francis to imitate the life of Christ; to worship him through imitation by undertaking pain, trials and tribulations. It is significant here that Jesus Christ does not appear to the holy man in His beautiful resurrected form, but in the painful impalement on the cross, somewhat foretelling the Seraphic vision that accompanies the stigmata. This terrible aspect of Christ's voluntary suffering aroused the youthful Francis's empathy and sustained it through the rest of the years of his life: After long and urgent prayer, he merited to be heard by the Lord. One day while he was praying

Discuss Christian Views on Contraception, Marriage and Divorce Essay Example for Free

Discuss Christian Views on Contraception, Marriage and Divorce Essay Explain Christian beliefs about contraception (6) Christians believe that God created humans and that humans should ‘grow in population’ and so therefore they should reproduce naturally and grow in numbers. The Roman Catholic church believes that contraception is immoral and wrong since they regard it as artificial and unnatural since it prevents new life and this is not what God intended humans to do. God wants use to be ‘fruitful and increase in number’ they believe that sex should not carried out with no intention to create new life. Christians believe that God made most humans fertile since God has destined for use to create new life; God has planned our life even before we were born and so some Christians believe we should not interfere with God’s plan by using artificial means. The Catholic Church believes the use of contraception is sinful. Yet in today’s society, some Catholics believe that it is important to believe in our conscience and so contraception may be acceptable. This is particularly the case, were The Church of England are not against the use of contraception as it allows a couple to think about when to actually have a child and so contraception results in the child actually being wanted and loved since we should ‘love thy neighbour’. Both churches agree that contraception is acceptable if it protects the health of the couple, i.e. it stops the prevention of HIV/AIDS and so in these circumstances contraception is acceptable. 1. Explain how a Christian marriage ceremony might guide a couple in their married life (6) Christians believe a Christian marriage has vows in front of God, therefore the fact that God is a part of the ceremony the vows are extremely important since the husband and wife promise to be with one another ‘in sickness and health’ therefore these vows brings the couple closer in relationships and they can support one another since ‘It will make a helper suitable for him’ therefore the ceremony Is an act to express their love for one another and the promises that they are willing to follow. The ceremony may guide the couple in life since once they are married the ‘two will become one flesh this shows that they will equally live amongst each other and they have equal values and they should and care for each other. Prayers are held in the wedding to ask for God’s blessings therefore this leads couples into a moral way of life. The exchanging of rings is symbolic of the commitment that they have for one another and that they will always support one another in their married life. 1. ‘God would never approve of civil partnerships.’ Discuss this statement. (12) Many Christians have different opinions about civil partnerships and whether God would approve it or not. Some Christians would argue that all people should be treated the same no matter who they fall in love with, the Bible teaches that equality is very important ‘neither Jew nor Greek’ and so civil partnerships should not be judged as immoral. The Bible teaches that God loves all people since it is his creation as God made ‘man in the image of God’ and so God will still love those in a civil partnership as the Bible teaches that God treats them equally. Some Christians would also argue that God created love ‘brought her to the man’ and so if God didn’t approve of civil partnerships God would not allow people to express their love. Some Christians believe that same-sex couples should have the same freedom to marry that other couples have since they should be treated equally and God welcomes his people with love and compassion. The Bible clearly shows that God not judge others and in fact, teaches to ‘love thy neighbour’. On the other Hand The Roman Catholic Church and Church of England is against Civil partnerships as they believe it is immoral and goes against God intention to grow in numbers and ‘multiply’ the fact that new life can be created from a male and a female partnership is acceptable however a couple with the same sex cannot create new life and so goes against God ‘man lies with a man†¦detestable’ The Church believes that God gave women and men separate roles in the family- the women should care for the children at home and so therefore a couple with the same sex would result in the child not being cared for in the correct way as intended by God- therefore to some extent God may go not approve civil partnerships. Overall I believe that God would not approve of Civil marriages but may accept that they occur in today’s society, the fact that God loves all his people no matter what race, sex or appearance- this shows God treats everyone equally . God gave humans their own conscience and so to some extent it is humans’ choice as to who they fall in love with and so I believe God may accept civil partnerships. Describe Christian beliefs about Divorce (6) Christians belief a marriage is a life time commitment amongst a couple. However there are different views about divorce. The Roman Catholic Church believes that divorce is immoral since during the couple’s marriage ceremony they have said vows to one another in front of God, the fact that they have promised to God that they will live together ‘in sickness and health’ shows that these promises cannot be broken, and if so, it is immoral ‘A man..be united with his wife.’. These Christians believe divorce is indissoluble. The Church believes the legal agreement is broken between a marriages but the holy agreement is not. But, the church understands that divorce can be painful and so the couple should be supported by community. Yet, the couple should try and work together to restore the marriage. Catholics sometimes annul marriages so they discount the vows made and in these cases it is acceptable. The Church of England does recognise that divorces may occur and so they should be cared for and supported by others, the church believes it has a duty to support the couple in times which are hard. The church believes it is important to try and restore the marriage in order to retain happiness and joy in society since the marriage ‘two will become one flesh’. If a divorcee wants to remarry, it is up to the vicar to agree to the marriage or not. ‘Women should always obey their husbands’ Discuss the statement. (12) To some extent, one would argue this statement is outdated since women’s roles are becoming just as important as men’s and the increase in emancipation of women shows that both men and women are treated equality. This is also shown in the Bible, as God mentions there are ‘neither Jew nor Greek’ therefore God loves and cares for women and mean just as much. And so women should not look up to men and be treated differently according to the Bible. The Bible teaches that both roles of women and men are just as important and they rely on one another to live a stable lifestyle and so this equality shows that women should not obey men. In fact the Bible teaches that all humans, including women, are given a conscience and they can choose right from wrong and so therefore women can choose whether to obey their husband or not as they have a free conscience. However, women should obey men to some extend as the man is regarded as the leader of the household and so needs respect and obedience in order to show man’s role in a household. The Bible teaches that that women should ‘submit to your husbands’

Offensive Lyrics Essay -- Music Censorship Essays

Offensive Lyrics Intro Ben, a child no more than the age of eight, adores his older brother James. James is in his mid-teens and is a huge fan of rap music. One of his favorites is Eminem. Ben, wanting to be as much like his brother as possible, does everything to become a complete copy of James. Ben dresses like him, eats the same food as he does, and even tries to mimic the way he walks. Ben even tries to listen to the same music that the older brother does. He asks his mom to buy one of the CDs that James has. His mother objects by telling him that the music that his brother listens to is not appropriate for someone his age. Ben, not knowing the meaning of what his mother says dismisses her comment and heads home with the intent to try to listen to the CD of James’ that his mother refused to buy him. After the car ride home Ben anxiously sneaks up the stairs to sample a clip of his brother’s collection. Ben turns on the CD and is immediately bombarded with a barrage of swearing, sexually explicit references, racial and homosexual slurs. Not knowing any better the boy, so excited to have been able to listen to music like his big brother, goes downstairs and repeats some of the words to his mother. In turn she explodes and sends Ben to his room where he sits not knowing what he did wrong. The next day Ben goes to school and repeats those same words to his classmates and teachers and proceeds to get himself expelled. All of this is due to the content of his big brother’s music. Although this is an antidote it is very possible that something like this could happen or has already happened. Inappropriate lyrics need to be either completely eliminated from artists songs or they need to be better censored by the... ... Biography. Available online: http://www.davidallancoe.com/bio/html (accessed October 24, 2002) Eminem Web (2000). Main Biography. Available online: http://www.eminemweb.com/bio.html (accessed October 25, 2002) Eminem World. Biography. Available online: http://www.eminemworld.com/bio.html (accessed October 25, 2002) Taylor, P. Lawmakers, Citizen Group Step up Efforts to Monitor Entertainment Industry. Available online: http://www.feedomforum.org/pakcages/first/ratinggame/part1.html (accessed October 27, 2002) Veinotte International. Ozzy Biography. Available online: http://www.veinotte.com/ozzy/madness.html (accessed October 25, 2002) Wiederhorn, J. (2002). Sex, Violence, Cursing: Explicit Lyrics Stickers Get Explicit. June 3, 2002. Available online: http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1454956/20020603/may_lady.jhtml (accessed October 17, 2002)

The News Industry in Light of the Internet

The introduction of the virtual communication medium has impacted many industries of the world. This has been mostly due to the widespread use of the internet as well as the easy access, navigation and availability of this medium for the customers. The internet medium has become a new mode for branding, establishing relations with friends, contacts and clients as well as reaching out to the customer. This paper however focuses on how the internet and its evolution have impacted the News industry. The changes that have taken place in the News industry are explored and a prospective future of the news industry is provided in the highlight of present scenario.Impact on News IndustryThe presence of the internet has spawned an information revolution all around the world. This is directly impacting the news industry in world by changes the roles and identities of the press as the main product that is provided by the news industry is the dispersion of information to the public.The ease of n avigation and information dispersion provided in the internet has enables anyone at all to be a source of information. Many community websites have been created by local journalists and web programmers which provide information on current events, happenings as well as a brief overview of the regional news through these websites to the consumers. Moreover the internet has a global audience and it is possible for people anywhere in the world to access the information as long as it is available on the internet.With the increased popularity and traffic that is going on the internet, the trend for people accessing news related information form the internet ahs also increased. People are now accessing online feeds of current affairs, world news, and weather as well as lifestyle news from popular news sites on the internet. This means that the news industry is facing a reduction in the demand and sales of news papers. People find it much more convenient to access news on the internet at th eir comfort without having to subscribe or pay for it. However some website and news providing companies online do ask for subscription but it is usually a one time process and does not require significant investment of money or time.The changing lifestyles of the people pertaining to their orientation towards technology and the increase in popularity and demand of gadgets like PDAs, hand held smart phones, and internet based communication devices is enabling consumers to access information form anywhere at any time by just logging on to the internet.Changes in the News IndustryOver the period of time the News industry has had to face many challenges pertaining to technology. These came in the form of the radio and the television. However the news industry adapted to these changes and incorporated them in its infrastructure. The internet industry also proposes similar challenges to the News industry and as has been observed, it has made significant changes to the nature of the indus try.In the online documentary of ‘News War’ by Frontline, the American News Industry is analyzed. Specific interviews from industry leaders and prominent figures in the news and media industry are depicted. According to the documentary it was highlighted that the core audience of the News industry is decreasing. This is mostly due to the fact that the main audience for the industry is getting old, and the younger generation tends to seek News and related information through the internet and other mediums. According to a survey states in the documentary that American people who are under the age of 25 usually tend to seek information through shows like The Daily Show. (‘News War’, Frontline)The companies in the news industry on the other hand are recruiting similar popular program like the Daily show in their news and journalism segments on their channels in order to improve their ratings. The impact for this has been that the renowned journalists are refusi ng to continue their contracts with the news companies. One such example is Ted Coppel from ABC Nightline. In drastic actions the News paper owners are also cutting down their field staff.Dean Baquet the previous Managing Director for Tribune said â€Å"†The people who own newspapers †¦ are beholden to shareholders† and â€Å"They want for the paper to be highly profitable, and sometimes that view of what a newspaper is supposed to be and my view, which is that a newspaper is a public trust, sometimes they come into conflict.† (‘News War’, Frontline)Jeff Fager from 60 Minutes clearly stated that the future of the news industry lies with collaboration with the internet medium. He mentioned that â€Å"We haven't seen the model for how broadcast journalism is going to end up on the Internet, but †¦ it has to go there. I mean, you don't see anybody between 20 and 30 getting their news from the evening news; you see them getting it online.† (‘News War’, Frontline)However such notions are put of by the internet news providers the like of Yahoo and a Google as they claim that they only report on the news which is reported through the reputable news channels. As a result of the channels and the news industry is to stop investing in their field staff and their infrastructure then the whole of the news industry is going to fail, including the online news providers.As a result collaboration between the current news industry and the internet news providers is essential for the future of the company. John Carrol form Los Angeles time supported this notion by stating that â€Å"I estimate †¦ that 85 percent of the original reporting that's done in the United States is done by newspapers. They're the people who are going out and knocking on doors and rummaging through records and covering events and so on. And most of the other media that provide news to people are really recycling news that's gathered by n ewspapers.† (‘News War’, Frontline)Future of the News IndustryInternet has made way with the gatekeeper of information making it accessible to all. The future of the News industry is very dynamic as the internet provides the industry with unlimited opportunities pertaining to communication which can be used as a business process as well as a product offering by the companies in the news industry.However the presence of the internet is also changing the way journalists, politicians and consumers conduct their business and carry out their activities as a result in the future it is also possible for newspapers as we know them to be eliminated. However instead of it new technologies and products which dispense news will come about. The most recent of these products is the emergence of online blogs, RSS feeds to websites and online newspapers. A prosperous news industry is only able to exist if the companies in the industry strive to adapt to the technology of internet instead of fight against it.Referencesâ€Å"How the net is transforming news†, BBC Online, 2006, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4630890.stmâ€Å"News War†, Frontline, 2007, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/newswar/Cryns, D.S., â€Å"Impact of the Internet: Newspaper Industry†, 2002, University of Maryland, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://www.grin.com/en/catalog/business-economics/business-economics-marketing-corporate-communication-crm-market-research/ The News Industry in Light of the Internet The introduction of the virtual communication medium has impacted many industries of the world. This has been mostly due to the widespread use of the internet as well as the easy access, navigation and availability of this medium for the customers. The internet medium has become a new mode for branding, establishing relations with friends, contacts and clients as well as reaching out to the customer. This paper however focuses on how the internet and its evolution have impacted the News industry. The changes that have taken place in the News industry are explored and a prospective future of the news industry is provided in the highlight of present scenario.Impact on News IndustryThe presence of the internet has spawned an information revolution all around the world. This is directly impacting the news industry in world by changes the roles and identities of the press as the main product that is provided by the news industry is the dispersion of information to the public.The ease of n avigation and information dispersion provided in the internet has enables anyone at all to be a source of information. Many community websites have been created by local journalists and web programmers which provide information on current events, happenings as well as a brief overview of the regional news through these websites to the consumers. Moreover the internet has a global audience and it is possible for people anywhere in the world to access the information as long as it is available on the internet.With the increased popularity and traffic that is going on the internet, the trend for people accessing news related information form the internet ahs also increased. People are now accessing online feeds of current affairs, world news, and weather as well as lifestyle news from popular news sites on the internet. This means that the news industry is facing a reduction in the demand and sales of news papers. People find it much more convenient to access news on the internet at th eir comfort without having to subscribe or pay for it. However some website and news providing companies online do ask for subscription but it is usually a one time process and does not require significant investment of money or time.The changing lifestyles of the people pertaining to their orientation towards technology and the increase in popularity and demand of gadgets like PDAs, hand held smart phones, and internet based communication devices is enabling consumers to access information form anywhere at any time by just logging on to the internet.Changes in the News IndustryOver the period of time the News industry has had to face many challenges pertaining to technology. These came in the form of the radio and the television. However the news industry adapted to these changes and incorporated them in its infrastructure. The internet industry also proposes similar challenges to the News industry and as has been observed, it has made significant changes to the nature of the indus try.In the online documentary of ‘News War’ by Frontline, the American News Industry is analyzed. Specific interviews from industry leaders and prominent figures in the news and media industry are depicted. According to the documentary it was highlighted that the core audience of the News industry is decreasing. This is mostly due to the fact that the main audience for the industry is getting old, and the younger generation tends to seek News and related information through the internet and other mediums. According to a survey states in the documentary that American people who are under the age of 25 usually tend to seek information through shows like The Daily Show. (‘News War’, Frontline)The companies in the news industry on the other hand are recruiting similar popular program like the Daily show in their news and journalism segments on their channels in order to improve their ratings. The impact for this has been that the renowned journalists are refusi ng to continue their contracts with the news companies. One such example is Ted Coppel from ABC Nightline. In drastic actions the News paper owners are also cutting down their field staff. Dean Baquet the previous Managing Director for Tribune said â€Å"†The people who own newspapers †¦ are beholden to shareholders† and â€Å"They want for the paper to be highly profitable, and sometimes that view of what a newspaper is supposed to be and my view, which is that a newspaper is a public trust, sometimes they come into conflict.† (‘News War’, Frontline)Jeff Fager from 60 Minutes clearly stated that the future of the news industry lies with collaboration with the internet medium. He mentioned that â€Å"We haven't seen the model for how broadcast journalism is going to end up on the Internet, but †¦ it has to go there. I mean, you don't see anybody between 20 and 30 getting their news from the evening news; you see them getting it online.â₠¬  (‘News War’, Frontline)However such notions are put of by the internet news providers the like of Yahoo and a Google as they claim that they only report on the news which is reported through the reputable news channels. As a result of the channels and the news industry is to stop investing in their field staff and their infrastructure then the whole of the news industry is going to fail, including the online news providers. As a result collaboration between the current news industry and the internet news providers is essential for the future of the company.John Carrol form Los Angeles time supported this notion by stating that â€Å"I estimate †¦ that 85 percent of the original reporting that's done in the United States is done by newspapers. They're the people who are going out and knocking on doors and rummaging through records and covering events and so on. And most of the other media that provide news to people are really recycling news that's gathered by newspapers.† (‘News War’, Frontline)Future of the News IndustryInternet has made way with the gatekeeper of information making it accessible to all. The future of the News industry is very dynamic as the internet provides the industry with unlimited opportunities pertaining to communication which can be used as a business process as well as a product offering by the companies in the news industry. However the presence of the internet is also changing the way journalists, politicians and consumers conduct their business and carry out their activities as a result in the future it is also possible for newspapers as we know them to be eliminated. However instead of it new technologies and products which dispense news will come about. The most recent of these products is the emergence of online blogs, RSS feeds to websites and online newspapers. A prosperous news industry is only able to exist if the companies in the industry strive to adapt to the technology of intern et instead of fight against it.Referencesâ€Å"How the net is transforming news†, BBC Online, 2006, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4630890.stmâ€Å"News War†, Frontline, 2007, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/newswar/view/Cryns, D.S., â€Å"Impact of the Internet: Newspaper Industry†, 2002, University of Maryland, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://www.grin.com/en/preview/8270.htmlHendriks, P., â€Å"Newspapers, a Lost Cause: Strategic Management of Newspaper Firms in the United States and the Netherlands†, 1999, Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub, ISBN-10: 079235608XHudson, K., â€Å"The impact of blogs on the news industry†, accessed November 30, 2007 from http://www.helium.com/tm/70207/before-popularity-blogging-internet

F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay

On September 24, 1896, Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born to Edward Fitzgerald and Mollie McQuillan Fitzgerald, the product of two vastly different Celtic strains. Edward, who came from tired, old Maryland stock and claimed distant kinship with the composer of â€Å"The Star Spangled Banner,† (Spencer, 367-81) instilled in his son the old-fashioned virtues of honor and courage and taught by example the beauty of genteel manners. Fitzgerald was smitten by the sophisticated sixteen-year-old at a St. Paul Christmas dance in 1914 during his sophomore year at Princeton. For the next two years, he conducted a one-sided romance both in person and through ardent correspondence with a girl who embodied his ideal of wealth and social position. Ginevra, however, was more interested in adding to her collection of suitors than in restricting herself to one. Legend has it, moreover, that Fitzgerald overheard someone, perhaps Ginevra’s father, remark that poor boys should never think of marrying rich girls. (Moreland, 25-38) By 1916, the romance had ended, but its effect lingered long in Fitzgerald’s psyche. Fitzgerald’s greatness lies as much in the conception as in the achievement. In this way Fitzgerald and his fiction capture some essential quality of the American myth and dream that were the focus his lifetime of personal and literary effort. Without doubt, Fitzgerald’s art was a response to his life. He immersed himself in his age and became its chief chronicler, bringing to his fiction a realism that gives it the quality of a photograph or, perhaps more appropriately, a documentary film. With the clothing, the music, the slang, the automobiles, the dances, the fads — in the specificity of its social milieu-Fitzgerald’s fiction documents a moment in time in all its historical reality. Yet Fitzgerald captures more than just the physical evidence of that time. He conveys with equal clarity the psychology (the dreams and hopes, the anxieties and fears) reflected in that world because he lived the life he recorded. Autobiography thus forms the basis of the social realism that is a hallmark of Fitzgerald’s fiction, but it is autobiography transmuted through the critical lens of both a personal and a cultural romantic sensibility, a second defining characteristic of his art. These two strands help to place Fitzgerald within American literary history. (Hindus, 45-50) Fitzgerald came to prominence as a writer in the 1920s, a period dominated by the postwar novel, and thus his fiction reflects all the contradictions of his age. World War I was a defining event for Fitzgerald and the writers of his generation whether or not they saw action in the field. Postwar developments on the home front contributed as well to the sense of purposelessness, decay, political failure, and cultural emptiness that pervades the literature of the 1920s. A new conservatism dominated America. Fitzgerald’s fiction of the 1920s reveals the tensions inherent in this mixture of anxious longing for the old certainties and heady excitement at the prospect of the new, just as his fiction of the 1930s captures the human cost — the wasted potential and psychic dislocation — of the gay, gaudy spree and its subsequent crash. His critics argue that he is no more than a stylish chronicler of his age, a mere recorder of the fashions and amusements, the manners and mores of his postwar generation, and he is certainly that. Yet verisimilitude, the truthful rendering of experience, is a distinguishing feature of realistic fiction, and particularly of the novel of manners, a literary form that examines a people and their culture in a specific time and place and a category into which much of Fitzgerald’s fiction fits. Thus, Fitzgerald’s ability to convey accurately his own generation is not necessarily a weakness. Fitzgerald’s lyricism and symbolist mode of writing reveal an essentially romantic sensibility that not only gives shape to his worldview, linking it to some traditional attitudes about the individual and human existence, but also supports his thematic preoccupations. Critics who complain of Fitzgerald’s inability to evaluate the world that he so brilliantly records (and the life that he so intensely lived) need look no further than his third novel, The Great Gatsby (1925), for proof of his double consciousness. Increasingly aware of the complex social, psychic, and economic forces that were driving his generation to excess and emptiness, Fitzgerald found the literary forms to give them expression in a novel that is now considered a modern masterpiece. Through his indirect, often ironic first-person narrative, Fitzgerald was able to give the story of Jay Gatsby, a man who reinvents himself to capture a dream, sad nobility, and the novel’s complex symbolic landscape reinforces this view. Gatsby may initially be just another corrupt product of his material world, but through the eyes of Nick Carraway, readers gradually come to see him as a romantic idealist who has somehow managed, despite his shadowy past and equally shady present, to remain uncorrupted. Fitzgerald’s complex symbolic landscape also elevates Gatsby’s quest to the realm of myth, the myth of the American Dream, and thus the novel offers a critical perspective on a nation and a people as well as on a generation. When E Scott Fitzgerald died in December 1940, his reputation was that of a failed writer who had squandered his talent in drink and excess. He may have written the novel that defined a decade, This Side of Paradise ( 1920), and another that exposed the dreams and illusions of a nation, The Great Gatsby ( 1925), but his achievement had been overshadowed and largely blighted by his life. (Frohock, 220-28) Works Cited Frohock W. M. â€Å"Morals, Manners, and Scott Fitzgerald†. Southwest Review 40( 1955): 220-228. Hindus Milton. F. Scott Fitzgerald: An Introduction and Interpretation. New York: Holt, 1968. 45-50 Moreland Kim. â€Å"The Education of F. Scott Fitzgerald: Lessons in the Theory of History†. Southern Humanities Review 19(1985): 25-38. Spencer Benjamin T. â€Å"Fitzgerald and the American Ambivalence†. South Atlantic Quarterly 66( 1967): 367-381. Appendix LITERARY WORKS BY F. SCOTT FITZGERALD This Side of Paradise. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920; Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1995. Flappers and Philosophers. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920. The Beautiful and Damned. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1922; Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1995. Tales of the Jazz Age. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1922. The Vegetable; Or, from President to Postman. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923. The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1925; Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1995. All the Sad Young Men. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926. Tender is the Night. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1934; Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1995. Taps at Reveille. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1935. POSTHUMOUS PUBLICATIONS The Last Tycoon. Ed. Edmund Wilson. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1941; The Love of the Last Tycoon. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York: Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1994. The Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Ed. Malcolm Cowley. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1951. Afternoon of an Author. Ed. Arthur Mizener. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1957. Babylon Revisited and Other Stories. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1960. Six Tales of the Jazz Age and Other Stories. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1960. Pat Hobby Stories. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1962. The Apprentice Fiction of F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1909-1917. Ed. John Kuehl. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965. The Basil and Josephine Stories. Ed. Jackson R. Bryer and John Kuehl. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973. Bits of Paradise: 21 Uncollected Stories by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s St. Paul Plays, 1911-1914. Ed. Alan Margolies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Library, 1978. The Price Was High: The Last Uncollected Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli . New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979. The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald. A New Collection. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1989.

Calvin Taylors Model of Critical and Creative Thinking

Calvin Taylor's Model of Critical and Creative Thinking The Calvin Taylor creative thinking model describes the talent areas as productive thinking, communication, planning, decision making, and forecasting. This model is best known as Talents Unlimited, a program of the National Diffusion Network of the U.S. Department of Education. The Taylor model incorporates both the critical and creative elements of thinking. Rather than a taxonomy, this is a thinking skills model that describes the essential elements of thinking, beginning with the academic talent and then incorporating the other talent areas, as described in more detail below. Productive Thinking Productivity promotes creative thinking in the Calvin Taylor model. It suggests critical and creative thinking of many ideas, varied ideas, unusual ideas, and adding to those ideas. Communication Communication has six elements which include: Give many, varied, single words to describe something.Give many, varied, single words to describe feelings.Think of many, varied things that are like another thing in a special way.Let others know that you understand how they feel.Make a network of ideas using many, varied and complete thoughts.Tell your feelings and needs without using words. Planning Planning requires that students learn to tell what they are going to plan: The materials that they will need.The steps that they will need to accomplish the task.The problems that might occur. Decision Making Decision making teaches the student to: Think of the many, varied things that could be done.Think more carefully about each alternative.Choose one alternative that they think is best.Give many, varied reasons for the choice. Forecasting Forecasting is the last of the five talents and requires students to make many, varied predictions about a situation, examining cause and effect relationships. Every element of the Calvin Taylor model is used when a child invents.

How to Write a Fight Scene 5 Simple Steps To Action-Filled Fights

How to Write a Fight Scene 5 Simple Steps To Action-Filled Fights How to Write a Fight Scene When tensions are high, honor is questioned, and lives may even be at stake, you know what time it is: time for a killer showdown. You’ve been building toward this explosive moment for pages, maybe your entire book, but now you come to a screeching halt - you have no idea how to write a fight scene!Fortunately, it’s not as complicated as you might think. Follow these 5 simple steps to write a fight scene that releases story tension, solves inter-character conflict, and satisfies the anxious expectations of your reader all at once. How to create a breath-stealing fight scene in just 5 steps Step 1. Motivate your playersWhen was the last time you saw someone start throwing punches out of nowhere? Probably never. Whether it’s over a lifelong grudge or a few heated words at a bar, people need believable motivation to start a fight in both real life and in fiction.Here are a few ideas to motivate your characters’ confrontations. Whichever you choose, use it as the catalyst for your fight scene, as well as to add the necessary layers of depth and complexity.SurvivalSurvival is an important motivation for any character, but especially for protagonists in horror and dystopian novels. For instance, Katniss in The Hunger Games has no choice but to attack and kill her fellow adolescent opponents if she wants to survive. However, this need to survive can escalate any physical fight, such as the gang rumbles in The Outsiders, where someone could pull out a knife at any moment. Just remember: for survival to be a credible character motivation, the situation has to be a bsolutely dire. Have you ever written a fight scene before? How did you do it? Comment below to add your own unique tips!

Philosophical issus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosophical issus - Essay Example Under the scrutiny of minimum conception of morality, Cultural relativism is critical as it serves the better part of group interest while at least capturing individual interests that are culture dependent. It is important to underline the ethical theory of utilitarianism which defines wrong or right in terms of the outcome of an action among the several alternative choices. In this concept, the aspect of utility emphasizes the right act as the action choice with the minimum bad results. In regard to minimum conception of morality, utilitarianism works outside the limits of individual interests and captures the interest of others. In other words, Utilitarianism seeks to govern conflicts between self-interest and common interests with the goal of optimal happiness of the greatest number(Rachels and James 116-9). For instance government decisions are based on the majority desire which may conflict with individuals with different wishes and such proposals vary across cultural framework of each country. This asserts that utilitarianism subscribe to the minimum conception of morality. According to Kant, some actions are wrong even if it would amount to more happiness than otherwise. In this moral theory concept, wrong or right consideration of an action is not dependent on consequences but individual obligation to do what is good for humanity. Kant attempts to answer the question of whether an individual’s action respects the goals of human beings rather than merely using them for personal purposes. In this respect Kant emphasizes consideration of other people’s interest in each individual’s action hence subscribing to the minimum conception of morality Social Contract Theory explains that morality constitute a set rules that govern behavior of people in the society such that rational persons will accept a given code of behavior on condition that others accept such standards as

Causes of the Middle East Instability Since the End of the Second Essay

Causes of the Middle East Instability Since the End of the Second World War - Essay Example Firstly, the essay will discuss the fundamental concepts such as the working definition of the Middle East and the strategic importance of its geographical location. Â  The discussion shall proceed to the Israeli-Arab dispute and examine its origins and developments, and how these relate to the superpower intervention in the region, its advantages and disadvantages. Â  Thirdly, the role of oil exploration and exportation and the likely scenario in the economy shall be discussed. Â  Firstly, the essay will discuss the fundamental concepts such as the working definition of the Middle East and the strategic importance of its geographical location. Â  The discussion shall proceed to the Israeli-Arab dispute and examine its origins and developments, and how these relate to the superpower intervention in the region, its advantages and disadvantages. Â  Thirdly, the role of oil exploration and exportation and the likely scenario in the economy shall be discussed. Â   A particularly se nsitive discussion of terrorism follows, and the ties it holds to the region’s fundamentalist Islamic segment. Â  Part of the discussion shall be why terrorism should not be equated with Islam which decries the ends, means and methods taken by terrorists purportedly in the name of their faith. Â  Finally, the essay winds up with a closer look at patterns of conflict among the Middle East countries, and prospects that loom large in its future. Â  The conclusion assesses whether or not stability is likely for the Middle East. Because of the breadth of the study in the sheer number of topics to be discussed, deeper treatments of their implications will not be attempted here. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive picture of the Middle East, and how instability resulted from the developments in the past. 2. Definitions 2.1 What is the Middle East The Middle East is aptly named, because it is situated where the great continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe converge. While the countries of the Middle East are considered part of Asia, there are many aspects of the varied cultures in this area that combine aspects of the cultures of the three continents that surround it. There are varied opinions concerning which countries comprise the modern definition of the Middle East. Armenia and Azerbaijan, for instance, have historically been counted as Middle East countries, but because of the several interim contemporary developments, they have been accorded greater recognition as European countries, since their economic and political trends are more closely aligned with the greater Europe. The same is true for the former Russian republic of Georgia, and of Cyprus. On the other hand, there is some confusion as to whether Egypt should be counted among the